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History/Origins/Future
of Energy, Years Ago 1.8
million .... Homo
erectus, unlike H. habilis and all of the Australo- Generally,
H. erectus (inclusive) is characterized by large Australopithecus
robustus Australopithecus
robustus possesses a combination of Specimens
of this species have massive flat or concave Skeletal
remains identified as belonging to A. robustus Modified
bones found alongside A. robustus skeletons http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_With_Cavemen#Blood_Brothers "... 1.8 & 1.6 million years ago. - East Africa The omnivorous Homo habilis are an intelligent adaptible omnivore. Homo habilis have become smart by eating carrion and bone marrow among other things, and evolv- ing a basic social behavior ... Also viewed, a Homo ergaster skull from 1.6 million years ago ..." ~1.7 million .... Hominids in Europe - Skulls probably represent first populations to migrate from Africa - Homo ergaster - falls between H. habilis and H. erectus. These partial human-like skulls were found in the former Soviet Republic of Georgia, dated at 1.7 million years, making them the oldest human ancestral fossils ever found outside of Africa: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/745080.stm ~1.6 million .... Massive volcanic eruption at Valles Caldera, New Mexico: http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/others/others_05.html (6 of 10) Walking With Cavemen http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_With_Cavemen#Blood_Brothers "... 1.6 million years B.C. - East Africa Homo ergaster is depicted as the first creature to master the art of tracking. This was made possible because their diet has grown increasingly more carnivorous, and the nutrients in meat made them even smarter than Homo habilis of the previous episode. They also begin to form into tribal societies, with genuine bonds between their men and women, though violence is still occurring. Homo ergaster spreads into Asia, becom- ing Homo erectus and encountering the enormous herbiv- orous ape Gigantopithecus ..." ~1.5
million .... Earliest
evidence of the use of fire, at Chesowanja, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_With_Beasts#.22Saber-Tooth.22 "... Filming Location: Brazil 1,000,000 years ago — Early Pleistocene — Paraguay [featured in this episode]
~800,000 .... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_With_Cavemen#Savage_Family "... 1.6 million years ago (Homo ergaster) - East Africa & 800,000 years ago (Homo erectus) - Asia Homo erectus confronts Gigantopithecus. ~760,000 .... Long Valley, California ~640,000 .... America's
Explosive Park
Yellowstone Super Volcano Alert - History Channel Special ~600,000 .... Homo heidelbergensis (600,000 to 100,000 years ago) The
skulls of this species share features with both Homo ~500,000 .... (8 of 10) Walking With Cavemenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_With_Cavemen#Survivors "... 500,000 & 140,000 years ago -- Europe 500,000 years ago, Homo heidelbergensis is shown as intelligent and sensitive and as not yet creating fantasies about a supposed afterlife (i.e., not yet burying their dead). 140,000 years ago, Homo neanderthalensis is battling ice age conditions in Europe. ~400,000 .... ~250,000
.... Like H.
erectus, H. neanderthalensis had a protruding jaw, Their
short, stocky bodies are similar in proportion to those Some
scientists consider Homo neanderthalensis to be Neanderthals 'distinct from us' ~200,000 .... http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2192969.stm "... Scientists think they have found the first of many genes that gave humans speech. Without it, language and human culture may never have developed. Key changes to a gene in the last 200,000 years of human evolution appear to be the driving force. The gene, FOXP2, was the first definitively linked with human language. ... Changes to two single letters of the DNA code arose in the last 200,000 years of human evolution. They eventually spread throughout the human population along with our unique capacity for speech. ..." ~164,000 .... Early Modern Humans Used Fire To Engineer Tools From Stone; Complex Cognition Older Than 72,000 Years? http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/08/090813142137.htm "... We show that early modern humans at 72,000 years ago, and perhaps as early as 164,000 years ago in coastal South Africa, were using carefully controlled hearths in a complex process to heat stone and change its properties, the process known as heat treatment ... Heat treatment technology begins with a genius moment – someone dis- covers that heating stone makes it easier to flake ... ... There is no consensus as to when modern human behav- ior appears, but by 70,000 years ago there is good evidence for symbolic behavior ... some time around 50,000 to 60,000 years ago, these modern humans left the warm confines of Africa and penetrated into the colder glacial environment of Europe and Asia, where they encountered Neanderthals. "By 35,000 years ago these Neanderthal populations were mostly extinct, and modern humans dominated the land from Spain to China to Australia ... ... The command of fire, documented by our study of heat treatment, provides us with a potential explanation for the rapid migration of these Africans across glacial Eurasia – they were masters of fire and heat and stone, a crucial advantage as these tropical people penetrated the cold lands of the Neanderthal ... ~160,000 ....
The afore-mentioned discovery occurred after the following reference which uses a more recent date for Homo sapiens: Homo sapiens (100,000 years ago to present) The modern form of Homo sapiens first appeared about 100,000 years ago. This species is distinguished by large brain size, a forehead that rises sharply, eyebrow ridges that are very small, a prominent chin, and lighter bone structure than H. heidelbergensis. Even in those 100,000 years, anatomical trends toward smaller molars and decreased bone mass can be seen in the Homo sapiens fossil record. For example, contem- porary humans in Europe and Asia have bones that are 20 to 30 percent thinner and lighter than those of upper Paleolithic humans dating from about 30,000 years ago. About 40,000 years ago, with the appearance of the Cro- Magnon culture, tools became markedly more sophisti- cated, incorporating a wider variety of raw materials such as bone and antler. They also included new implements for making clothing, engravings, and sculptures. Fine art- work, in the form of decorated tools, beads, ivory carv- ings of humans and animals, clay figurines, musical instru- ments, and cave paintings, appeared over the next 20,000 years: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/humans/humankind/o.html ~150,000 to ~140,000 .... (9 & 10 of 10) Walking With Cavemenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_With_Cavemen#Survivors "... 140,000 years ago -- Europe (Homo neanderthalensis) ... life of a Homo neanderthalensis clan, how they lived and hunted, including the mighty mammoth during the latest Ice age ... 150,000 years ago -- Africa (Homo sapiens) "Follows the trek of Homo sapiens from battling drought in Africa, to spreading across the planet, to developing art in European caves. ..." ~90,000
.... volcano in existence that can be described as Yellowstone's "big" sister. http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/others/others_02.html A hypothesis about recent human evolution suggests that humans came close to extinction because of a 'volcanic winter' that occurred 71,000 years ago. Some scientists estimate that there may have been as few as 15,000 humans alive at one time. The 'volcanic winter' lasted about six years. It was followed by 1,000 years of the coldest Ice Age on record. It brought widespread famine and death to human populations around the world. It also affected subsequent human evolution: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/166869.stm ~72,000
.... ~70,000 .... When humans faced extinction - humans may have comeclose to extinction about 70,000 years ago, according to the latest genetic research - the research also suggests that humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) made their first journey out of Africa as recently as 70,000 years ago: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2975862.stm "... The study suggests that at one point there may have been only 2,000 individuals alive as our species teetered on the brink. The research also suggests that humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) made their first journey out of Africa as recently as 70,000 years ago. ..." ~67,000 .... Anatomically modern humans in Linjang, China. ~62,000 .... Neanderthal Mousterian culture as revealed in Shanidar Cave (layers D, C) in Iraq. ~50,000 .... Cro-Magnon Culture Cro-Magnon people were nomadic hunter/gatherers and had elaborate rituals for hunting, birth, and death. Artifacts they left behind include carvings of people and animals. Symbolic representation through adornment of the dead also became more common during this period. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/humans/humankind/index.html Barringer Meterorite Crater http://www.barringercrater.com/ "... a gigantic hole in the middle of the arid sandstone of the Arizona desert. A rim of smashed and jumbled boulders, some of them the size of small houses, rises 150 feet above the level of the surrounding plain. The crater itself is nearly a mile wide, and 570 feet deep. ..."
When Europeans first discovered the crater, the plain around it was covered with chunks of meteoritic iron - over 30 tons of it, scattered over an area 8 to 10 miles in diameter. ..." Homo sapiens migrate out of Africa into Asia and Australia - abstract designs painted on rocks in Australia - the aborigines' way of life, involving hunting and gathering and the use of Stone-Age technologies, was well adapted to the Australian environment and changed very little until the advent of the Europeans. Prehistoric skulls found in Brazil match those of the aboriginal peoples of Australia and Melanesia. Other evidence suggests that these first Americans were later massacred by invaders from Asia. It's likely that these aboriginal people reached Brazil by boat, based in no small part on the earliest known art depiction of a boat in cave paintings at Kimberley, a region at the northern tip of Western Australia: http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_430000/430944.stm ~42,000 .... Evidence of first humans to reach the Americas via land, due to the hunting of herds of mammoth, bison, and mastodon across the wide bridge of iced over land connecting Asia to North America until the end of the last ice age, ~12,000 years ago. ~40,000 .... Aurignacian tools were used from 40,000 to 30,000 years ago. Diverse tools characteristic of modern humans, dominated by blades flaked from prepared cores, use of ivory, bone and antler as raw material, in addition to stone. Aurugnacian stone tools This technology consists of sharp-edged blade tools used for cutting and scraping. Homo sapiens employed a wide variety of materials during this period, including stone, ivory, bone, and antler, to create knives, scrapers, and spear points. People also began using these materials to make non-utilitarian items, such as jewelry. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/humans/humankind/index.html Ivory Venus Figurine From the Swabian Jura Rewrites Prehistory http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/05/090514084126.htm "... excavations at Hohle Fels Cave in the Swabian Jura of southwestern Germany recovered a female figurine carved from mammoth ivory from the basal Aurignacian deposit. This figurine, which is the earliest depiction of a human, and one of the oldest known examples of figurative art worldwide, was made at least 35,000 years ago. ...
... The figurine originates from a red-brown, clayey silt at the base of about one meter of Aurignacian deposits. ... Radiocarbon dates from this horizon span the entire range from 31,000 – 40,000 years ago. ... that figurine is indeed of an age corresponding to the start of the Aurignacian around 40,000 years ago. ..." ~37,000 .... Baradostian cultures as revealed in Kebara (layer D) in Israel and Zarzi, Iraq. ~36,000 .... Chatelperronian tools were used from 36,000 to 27,000 years ago. An advanced Neanderthal technology, perhaps influenced by the technology of modern humans living in the same area. ~35,000 .... Cave bears, cave lions, wooly rhino extinct; Homo sapiens migrate in large numbers to Europe; first evidence of round huts and mortars in Ain Gev, Israel. ~32,000 .... Chavet Cave Art Chauvet Cave holds some of the oldest and most sophisti- cated examples of cave art in the world. The age and ad- vanced nature of the paintings suggest that carved and engraved objects did not necessarily precede painted images, as archaeologists once believed. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/humans/humankind/index.html Science shows cave art developed early http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1577421.stm "... Carbon isotope analysis of charcoal used in pictures of horses at Chauvet, south-central France, show that they are 30,000 years old ...  The remarkable Chauvet drawings were discovered in 1994 when potholers stumbled upon a narrow entrance to several underground chambers in a rocky escarpment in the Ardeche region. Because the paintings are just as artistic and complex as the later Lascaux paintings, it may indicate that art developed much earlier than had been realised. --- end 6 of 7 --- |
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